Advanced oxidation process-mediated removal of pharmaceuticals from water : a review of recent advances

Devagi, Kanakaraju and Beverley, D. Glass and Goh, Pei Sean (2025) Advanced oxidation process-mediated removal of pharmaceuticals from water : a review of recent advances. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 32 (21). pp. 1-35. ISSN 1614-7499

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Abstract

Pharmaceutical compounds have raised signifcant environmental concerns, due to their persistent and non-biodegradable nature. Addressing their presence in the environment has become a priority, leading to the application of various removal treatment techniques. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) undoubtedly have emerged as highly efective removal techniques, as evidenced by the growing body of work in this area. This review ofers an overview of the recent advances in the development of AOPs for treating pharmaceuticals and their by-products. Current trends and discoveries reported in diverse AOP studies have been scrutinized and are presented. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on the use of TiO2-mediated photocatalysis, which stands out as one of the most explored AOPs for pharmaceutical remediation. Performance aspects of TiO2 photocatalytic treatment are explored and discussed encompassing both commercially available and synthesized TiO2, as well as engineered TiO2-based materials (e.g. activated carbon, polymers, metals and non-metals), all aimed at removal of pharmaceutical compounds from the environment. The review concludes by summarizing key fndings and ofers insights into directions for future research.

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