Phenological Development of Sarawak Traditional Rice Landraces; Bario Sederhana and Biris

Franalyne Lyenang, Luing and Hollena, Nori (2023) Phenological Development of Sarawak Traditional Rice Landraces; Bario Sederhana and Biris. Masters thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

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Abstract

Phenological development and growth of Sarawak traditional rice landraces, i.e. Bario Sederhana and Biris were quantified from a series of field and incubation experiments. In both landraces, incubation study estimated cardinal temperatures of 10 °C for base, 32 – 33 °C for optimum and 43 °C for maximum seed germination. The thermal time (Tt) requirement for 75% germination in the sub-optimal range for Bario Sederhana was 61 °Cd and 54 °Cd for Biris meanwhile within the supra-optimal range, both landraces required 27 – 29 °Cd. Bario Sederhana had 93% of seed populations germinated at 30 °C while Biris had 100% at 27.5 °C. For phenological pot experiments, both landraces had the highest Tt requirement for third leaf appearance for crops sown in June (358 °Cd for Bario Sederhana and 386 °Cd for Biris) and the lowest for crops sown in December (149 °Cd for Bario Sederhana and 165 °Cd for Biris). The leaf appearance rate (phyllochron) for Bario Sederhana decreased with each successive sowing date from 646 °Cd/leaf for April sown crops to 467 °Cd/leaf for the crops were in late October. In contrast, the phyllochron of Biris was the shortest in late June sowing (495 °Cd/leaf) and the longest (~624 °Cd/leaf) for April and late October sown crops. Irrespective of landraces, thermal time to flag leaf decreased with sowing date from 4051°Cd in April to 2569 °Cd in late October with a total production of nine leaves on the primary stem across all sowing dates. In both landraces, crops took the longest time to reach flowering for April sowing (4790 °Cd for Bario Sederhana and 4315 °Cd for Biris) and the shortest time for October sown crop (2980 °Cd for Bario Sederhana and 2857 °Cd for Biris). Nevertheless, the duration of grain filling was the longest for October sown crops (784 – 818 °Cd, 30-33 calendar days) which resulted in the highest grain weight (48 g/pot for Bario Sederhana and 22 g/pot for Biris). For field experiment conducted at Pusat Penyelidikan Tumbuhan (PPT), UNIMAS, both landraces took almost similar calendar days to flower (151 days). Bario Sederhana and Biris rice had almost similar yield components when planted in the field.

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