Development of 3D-printed universal adapter in enhancing retinal imaging accessibility

Aisya Amelia, Abdul Latip and Kuryati, Kipli and Abang Mohammad Nizam, Abang Kamaruddin and Rohana, Sapawi and Kasumawati, Lias and Muhammad Arif, Jalil and Khairul Fikri, Tamrin and Nurul Mirza Afqah, Tajudin and Ong, Han Yi and Muhammad Hamdi, Mahmood and Suriati Khartini, Jali and Siti Kudnie, Sahari and Dayang Azra, Awang Mat and Lim, Lik Thai (2024) Development of 3D-printed universal adapter in enhancing retinal imaging accessibility. 3D Printing in Medicine, 10 (23). pp. 1-23. ISSN 113.210.106.45

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Abstract

The revolutionary technology of smartphone-based retinal imaging has been consistently improving over the years. Smartphone-based retinal image acquisition devices are designed to be portable, easy to use, and cost-efficient, which enables eye care to be more widely accessible especially in geographically remote areas. This enables early disease detection for those who are in low- and middle- income population or just in general has very limited access to eye care. This study investigates the limitation of smartphone compatibility of existing smartphone-based retinal image acquisition devices. Additionally, this study aims to propose a universal adapter design that is usable with an existing smartphone-based retinal image acquisition device known as the PanOptic ophthalmoscope. This study also aims to simulate the reliability, validity, and performance overall of the developed prototype.

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