Protein Sparing Effect of Sago Starch in Diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Benny Lawrence, Senawi (2020) Protein Sparing Effect of Sago Starch in Diet of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758). Masters thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

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Abstract

Six isoenergetic (20.25±1.35 kJ/g) semi-purified experimental diets were formulated with three levels of protein, P(22%, 26% and 30% diet) and two levels of sago starch as source of carbohydrates, C(38% and 44% diet). A corn starch (C40%) diet was used as a control diet. Diets were fed to triplicate groups of tilapia (n=20), Oreochromis niloticus juveniles (mean weight 4.61 ± 0.04 g), to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. The results showed 100% survival rate for all diet groups in which fish fed on 38% sago starch diet incorporated with protein level, P22% (D1: 29.53 g), P26% (D2: 31.87 g) and P30% (D3: 32.32 g) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) on final body weight (FBW) than those fed on 44% diet treatments combined with P22% (D4: 23.29 g), P26% (D5: 25.65 g) and P30% (D6: 27.71 g). Whole body proximate compositions (n=6) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by 38% and 44% of dietary sago starch with different level of protein, P22%, P26% and P30, respectively. Fish fed on 38% sago starch diets with protein level, P26% (D2: 13.64 mmol/L) and P30% (D3: 13.68 mmol/L) showed high significant different (p < 0.05) of glucose concentration in plasma (n=6) than those fish fed on diet treatments with protein level, P22%, P26% and P30% which contained 44% of sago starch. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) of triglyceride plasma (n=6) were observed in fish fed on 44% sago starch with protein level, P22% (D4: 6.52 mmol/L) compare with those fish from other diet treatments, meanwhile, total protein plasma (p < 0.05) were varied from 4.18 to 22.11 mmol/L. Nutrients digestibility (n=12) showed significantly (p < 0.05) high statistics on fish fed with ratio P30%:C38% (D3:80.12%), followed by P26%:C38% (D2:77.54%), P26%:C38% (D1:74.72%), P30%:C40% (D0:69.83%), P30%:C44% (D6:65.67%), P30%:C44% (D5:57.40%) and P30%:C44% (D4: 50.29%), respectively. Digestive enzyme activities (n=12) were significantly (p < 0.05) affected among all diets in which fish fed on treatment D3 with P30%:C38% ratio were statistically higher (amylase: 6.54 Umg-1, lipase: 5.68 Umg-1, protease: 0.77 Umg-1) compare with the other diet treatments. The carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities (n=15) showed significant (p < 0.05) influenced between 38% and 44% sago starch incorporated with protein level, P22%, P26% and P30% recorded approximately from 0.76 to 0.97 Umg-1 (PFK), 0.73 to 0.96 Umg-1 (FBPase) and 0.78 to 0.95 Umg-1 (G6PD). Two-way ANOVA result confirmed that the interaction between different level of both protein and carbohydrate have significant (p < 0.05) influenced on growth performance, whole-body proximate compositions, blood plasma compositions, nutrient digestibility digestive enzyme and carbohydrate metabolic enzyme activities of O. niloticus juveniles. Overall, fish fed on 38% sago starch-based diets showed positive result and performed better than those fed with 44% diets. The study revealed the ability of O. niloticus juveniles to spare protein by dietary carbohydrate was at optimum level of 38% sago starch and 30% protein. Keywords: Sago starch, tilapia, growth, blood plasma, digestibility, digestive enzymes

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