Taxonomy, Phylogenetic Analyses and Pollination Biology of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) of Borneo

Ooi, Im Hin (2018) Taxonomy, Phylogenetic Analyses and Pollination Biology of Scaphochlamys (Zingiberaceae) of Borneo. PhD thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak(UNIMAS).

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Abstract

Scaphochlamys Baker is a genus of 44 species in the family Zingiberaceae distributed from Southern Thailand through Peninsular Malaysia until Sumatera and Borneo. Previous taxonomic and phylogenetic studies concentrated on the species from Peninsular Malaysia. The interactions between the diverse Zingiberaceae flowers and their pollinators are important. However, there was no documentation on the floral biology and pollination mechanism of Scaphochlamys. Therefore, in this study, an integrated approach (including taxonomy, phylogeny, floral and pollination biology incorporated with SEM and floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs) analyses) was employed to study the Bornean Scaphochlamys. As a result, 12 taxonomic novelties were described (Scaphochlamys durga I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys graveolens I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys hasta I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys lanjakensis I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys lucens I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys multifolia I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys nigra I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys penyamar I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys pseudoreticosa I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys scintillans I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., Scaphochlamys stenophylla I. H. Ooi & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov., and Scaphochlamys uniflora I. H. Ooi, K. Meekiong & S. Y. Wong, sp. nov.). Several important morphologies were discussed. Six informal intrageneric taxonomic groups were proposed for Bornean Scaphochlamys species. A phylogeny of 26 Scaphochlamys species (36 accessions) with ITS and trnK-matK sequence data was generated. Most of the Scaphochlamys species on Borneo formed a clade together with Myxochlamys A. Takano & Nagam., except S. limiana and S. polyphylla were clustered among Scaphochlamys species from Peninsular Malaysia. A one-day diurnal flowering mechanism was observed for 19 species of Scaphochlamys. All investigated Bornean Scaphochlamys are entomophilous xenogamy. Two types of traplining bees (Amegilla bees and Halictid bees) were concluded as the pollinators for eight Bornean Scaphochlamys species. The pollen size of 21 investigated Scaphochlamys species is within the range of 72.53 – 96.52 μm long × 52.39 – 78.41 μm wide, spheroidal to elliptical, and more or less psilate. Three hundred and twenty one floral VOCs (mainly terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic compounds and fatty acid derivatives) were found in 17 species of Scaphochlamys. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the Bornean Scaphochlamys with the discovery of novel species, together with the phylogenetic relationship resolved, and interactions between plant-pollinator.

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