Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oils and extractivities from Agathis borneensis

Fouziah, Alet (2011) Chemical constituents and biological activities of essential oils and extractivities from Agathis borneensis. Masters thesis, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.

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Abstract

The chemical constituents of essential oils and extractives from resin, bark and heartwood of Agathis borneensis were studied using gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The essential oils were extracted using hydrodistillation method while the extractives were extracted using solvent with increasing polarity; hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and methanol. The major components in the resin oil were a-pinene (31.15 %), 8- limonene (17.92 %), B-pinene (11.36 %) and terpinen-4-ol (8.41 %). While, B-pinene (9.14 %), terpinen-4-ol (8.99 %), a-pinene (8.95 %) and a-terpineol (8.93 %) were the major constituents in the bark oil. Heartwood oil was dominated by hexadecanoic acid (66.85 %) with monoterpenes as minor constituents such as y-terpinene and terpinen-4-ol. i Hexane extractive of heartwood was dominated by hexadecanoic acid and oleic acid. Other compounds belong to sterol group such as stigmast-5-en-3-ol oleate, y-sitosterol and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one were also detected in this extractive. The dichloromethane extractive of heartwood also comprised hexadecanoic acid and oleic acid as the major components, with stigmastanol and stigmasta-3,5-dien-7-one as minor components. On the other hand, phenolic compounds, sterols and some flavonoids were detected in ethyl acetate extractive of the heartwood. Among the major compounds identified were (Z)-6- octadecenoic acid, hinokiresinol, sugiresinol and 2', 3-dihydroxychalcone. Methanol extractive of heartwood consist of sterols, flavonoids, ethers and amides as the main components, including campesterol, hinokione, methyl hexadecanoate, methyl elaidate and (Z)-octadecenamide. The analyses on the extractives from resin of A. borneensis were also carried out using GC-MS. The hexane and dichloromethane extractives of resin composed mainly of terpenes group such as manoyl oxide, verbenol, (-)-terpinen-4-ol, limonene-1,2-diol and verbenone. These extractives also contained several alcohols such as tetradecanol, nonadecanol and docosanol. Ethyl acetate and methanol extractives were derivatized using N-methyl-N-(tertbutyldimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) before the GC-MS analysis. The members of acid and sterol groups were the abundance components in these extractives. The bioactivities study of the essential oils and extractives from A. borneensis were carried out against brine shrimp, termites, fungi (Chaetomium globosum, Schizophyllum commune, Trametes versicolor, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium sp., Trichoderma sp., Botryotrichum sp. and Candida albican) and bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Entrobacter aerogenes, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi). No bioactivity was observed for the essentials oils and extractives against brine shrimp and termites. However, the antifungal and antibacterial tests showed several extractives and bark essential oil have potential as antifungal and antibacterial agents. Methanol extractive from heartwood showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity compared to the other extractives.

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