Total Sago Effluent Concentrate (TSEC) for Bioethanol Production via Fed-Batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)

Effa Sharina, Sahari and Micky, Vincent and Estefanny Sonia, Ngalih and Chung, Hung Hui and Devagi, Kanakaraju (2026) Total Sago Effluent Concentrate (TSEC) for Bioethanol Production via Fed-Batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF). Research Journal of Biotechnology, 21 (4). pp. 164-172. ISSN 0973-6263

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Abstract

Sago processing waste stream, commonly called sago effluent, consists of a mixture of wet solid biomass and liquid hydrolysate. This industrial byproduct is rich in carbohydrates, particularly lignocellulosic materials, making it a promising feedstock for bioethanol production. In this study, sago effluent was subjected to physical pretreatment involving mechanical pulverisation and centrifugation to obtain a dense starch-rich wet biomass, termed total sago effluent concentrate (TSEC). The TSEC was subsequently used as a substrate for bioethanol production via fed-batch Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), catalysed by amylolytic enzymes (α-amylase and glucoamylase) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. SSF experiments were conducted in both non-buffered and citrate-buffered media, with buffer concentrations of 0, 25, 50 and 100 mM. Maximum ethanol production was achieved in the non-buffered medium, with a concentration of 23.44 ± 4.16 g/L and a theoretical ethanol yield (TEY) of 62.94 ± 11.18%. No statistically significant differences were observed in ethanol production across the different buffered conditions. The highest ethanol concentration among the buffered systems was recorded at 23.22 ± 2.44 g/L (62.33 ± 6.57% TEY) in the 25 mM citrate buffer. This was followed by 20.67 ± 2.85 g/L (55.33 ± 4.80% TEY) in the 50 mM buffer and 20.61 ± 1.79 g/L (55.33 ± 4.82% TEY) in the 100 mM buffer. Overall, the findings demonstrate that TSEC is an effective and viable feedstock for bioethanol production using the fed-batch SSF process, with optimal performance observed in a non-buffered fermentation system.

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